MEDICAL INFORMATION

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CAM: Seven Major Categories

Karen Swedersky



References & Links

Referring Article
Complementary & Alternative Medicine

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)
altmed.od.nih.gov

 

I. Mind-Body Medicine

Encompasses behavioral, psychological, social, and spiritual approaches to health and has four sub-categories:

Mind-Body Systems: Involves the whole systems of mind-body practice and are rarely delivered alone. Generally they are used in conjunction with other lifestyle interventions or as part of a traditional medical system.

Mind-Body Methods: Perhaps the most conventional of all of the categories, these modalities are used individually and are often considered to be CAM when applied to medical conditions for which they are not generally used. CAM examples are Yoga and Tai Chi; Behavioral Medicine examples are Psychotherapy, Meditation, Biofeedback, Support Groups, Art/Music/Dance Therapy, and Journaling.

Religion & Spirituality: Involves non-behavioral aspects of spirituality and religion that examine their relationship to biological function or clinical conditions: Confession, Non-temporality, and Spiritual Healing.

Social & Contextual Areas: The social, cultural, symbolic, and contextual interventions that are not classified in other categories: Holistic Nursing, Intuitive Diagnosis, Placebo, Alcoholics Anonymous, and Native American "Sweat" Rituals.

II. Alternative Medical Systems

Encompasses systems of theory and practice that have been developed outside of Western biomedical approach and has four sub-categories:

Acupuncture & Oriental Medicine: Acupuncture, Herbal Formulas, Tai Chi;

Other Traditional Indigenous Systems: Native American Medicine, Kampo Medicine, Traditional Aboriginal Medicine;

Unconventional Western Systems: Homeopathy, Environmental Medicine, Functional Medicine;

Naturopathy: An eclectic collection of natural systems and therapies.

III. Lifestyle & Disease Prevention

Covers theories and practices that are designed to prevent the development of illness, identify and treat risk factors, or support the healing and recovery process. It represents the integration of prevention with the management of chronic disease in general and has three sub-categories:

Clinical Preventative Practices: Represents unconventional approaches to screen or prevent health related imbalances, dysfunction, and disease.

Life Style Therapies: Comprised of complete systems of lifestyle management and include behavioral changes, dietary changes, exercise, stress management, and addiction control. Only considered CAM if it represents a non-orthodox system of medicine or is applied in an unconventional way.

Health Promotion: Involves laboratory and epidemiological research on healing, the healing process, health promoting factors, and auto-regulatory mechanisms.

IV. Biologically-Based Therapies

Covers natural and biologically-based practices, interventions, and products. Many overlap with conventional medicine’s use of dietary supplements. There are four sub-categories:

Phytotherapy or Herbalism: Plant-derived preparations of single or combination substances that are used for therapeutic and preventive purposes such as Ginkgo Biloba, Garlic, Aloe Vera, Green Tea, and Echinacea.

Special Diet Therapies: Dietary approaches that are applied as alternative therapies for risk factors or chronic disease. Some examples of special diet therapies are the Pritikin, Ornish, Atkins, Vegetarian, and High Fiber diets.

Orthomolecular Medicine: Nutritional or food supplement products used for preventive or therapeutic purposes. Often, products are used in combination or in high doses for prevention or reduction of a specific disease or condition. Some examples of single nutrients are Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate for Osteoarthritis and Melatonin to prevent breast cancer. Other recognized supplements are Iodine, Vitamins A, K, D, and Folic Acid.

Pharmacological, Biological, & Instrumental Interventions: Products and procedures applied in an unconventional manner and not included in other categories. Some examples are Enzyme Therapies, Bee Pollen, Cartilage, Neural Therapy, Electro- diagnostics, and MORA Device.

V. Manipulative & Body-Based Systems

Refers to practices that are based on manipulation and/or movement of the body and has been divided into three subcategories:

Chiropractic Medicine;

Massage & Body Work: Osteopathic Manipulative Therapies, Swedish Massage, Reflexology, Pilates Method, Acupressure, and Alexander Technique;

Unconventional Physical Therapies: Hydrotherapy, Light/Color Therapies, and Heat & Electrotherapy.

VI. Biofield

Involves systems that use subtle energy fields in and around the body for medical purposes. Some examples are: Therapeutic/Healing Touch, Natural Healing, Reiki, and External Qi Gong.

VII. Bioelectromagnetics

Refers to the unconventional use of electromagnetic fields for medical purposes.